Introduction: The emergence of new technologies and increasing competition in the business world has shortened the life cycle of products, and organizations and work environments have become uncertain. In environments where businesses emerge rapidly and are excluded from the competition due to the intensity of competition and new entrants, human capital is forced to set basic standards for the direction of its career rather than to remain loyal to its employer. Therefore, success in careers calls individuals to entrepreneurial businesses and having a job parallel to their previous job, which is known in the management literature as hybrid entrepreneurship. Given the current situation, one of the effective ways to adapt to continuous change is the tendency towards hybrid entrepreneurship. This is because the environment of societies today is constantly changing, and it is entrepreneurs who are a model for coping with and adapting to these changing and dynamic conditions. In fact, fluidity and changing circumstances create uncertainty in career path planning, thus, hybrid entrepreneurship becomes a viable option to a permanent job. The concept of hybrid entrepreneurship emphasizes the dual nature of the entrepreneur's job and job position and means having an entrepreneurial job for people alongside their main and permanent job. Hybrid entrepreneurs have entrepreneurial competencies. By starting a new job in parallel with their previous job, they can avoid the risk of unemployment. Therefore, hybrid entrepreneurship is very important for growing economies through setting up small and medium enterprises as the driving force of the economy. This study was conducted to identify and explain the factors affecting the formation and the emergence of hybrid entrepreneurship.
Methodology: In terms of nature, this study is a type of mixed research done with a qualitative and quantitative approach. It is also applied in terms of purpose and based on the data collected through a survey. The statistical population of the study is experts consisting of university professors and successful entrepreneurs. Using the snowball sampling method and based on the principle of theoretical adequacy, 40 of them were considered as the research sample. The research sample in the qualitative section introduced the components of hybrid entrepreneurship and had information about the subject. Therefore, the same people were used in the quantitative section. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews in the qualitative part. They were done in person and sometimes by telephone. The research interviews consisted of six questions and took an average of 30 minutes each. The interview questions based on hybrid entrepreneurship backgrounds included people's tendency towards hybrid entrepreneurship, their motivations and reasons for turning to hybrid entrepreneurship along with the questions related to hybrid entrepreneurship backgrounds including the consequences, effects and applications of hybrid entrepreneurship. To evaluate the validity and reliability of the data collection tools in the qualitative section, the content validity and the theoretical validity and reliability within the intermediate encoder were evaluated. Confirmation was achieved for these two indicators. Also, the data collection tool in the quantitative part of the questionnaire was given to the experts in person and by email. The research questionnaire was developed based on the qualitative part and the identified components related to hybrid entrepreneurship. It was evaluated based on a five-point range of importance for each component, from very high to very low. The validity and reliability of the data collection tool in the quantitative validity part were the validity of the content and the reliability of the retest; the validity and reliability of the questionnaires were both confirmed.
Results and Discussion: The results indicate that the most important factors in hybrid entrepreneurship are attention to diverse career path behaviors, financing, and living expenses. Turning to start-ups, career success, job seekers' role models, and entrepreneurship are also good hybrid entrepreneurship factors.
Conclusion: A hybrid entrepreneur is defined as an individual who combines two ways of earning money, employment and entrepreneurship. So, hybrid entrepreneurship literally means doing a job while starting a business. Hiridian entrepreneurship does not necessarily seek to become a full-time entrepreneur. Unfortunately, the word entrepreneurship has caused a deviation in the meaning of job creation. In addition, it has a broader and more valuable meaning than job creation.